Izinsimbi ezijwayelekile ziwumgogodla wokukhiqizwa kwesimanje okunembile. Kusukela ezingxenyeni zezimoto kanye nezingxenyeni ze-aerospace kuya kumadivayisi ezokwelapha kanye nemishini yezimboni, izinsimbi ezijwayelekile ziyizinto zobunjiniyela ezisetshenziswa kakhulu emhlabeni. Uma uthenga izingxenye zensimbi ezisetshenziswa nge-CNC, ukuqonda imindeni ehlukene yezinsimbi ezijwayelekile — izakhiwo zazo, izinhlelo zazo zokubala, nendlela ezisebenza ngayo — kubalulekile ukuze ukhethe into efanele iphrojekthi yakho.

Kulesi siqondisi, sichaza ukuthi ziyini izinsimbi ezijwayelekile, zihlukaniswa kanjani, nokuthi ozakwethu abahamba phambili bokukhiqiza ngokunembile be-OEM abafana no-Shengmaisi Hardwareguqula amazinga ensimbi ajwayelekile abe izingxenye eziqinile, ezilungele ukusetshenziswa.

Amazinga ensimbi ajwayelekile yigama elijwayelekile lomndeni omkhulu wama-alloys e-iron-carbon athambekayo ngaphakathi kwebanga lokushisa elithile ngokushesha ngemva kokuqina asuka esimweni esincibilikile. Akhiqizwa ngokuhlanza i-pig iron kanye ne-iron-and-steel scrap esithandweni, kususwe izinto ezingafuneki, bese kufakwa izinto ezifunwayo ngamanani amisiwe.

Izinto eziyisisekelo ezisetshenziswa ekwenzeni insimbi i-iron ore, amalahle, kanye ne-limestone. Lezi zinto ziguqulwa esithandweni somlilo esikhulu (blast furnace) zibe yi-pig iron, equkethe inani elikhulu le-carbon, i-manganese, i-sulfur, i-phosphorus, ne-silicon. I-pig iron iqinile futhi intekenteke futhi ayifanele ukucutshungulwa ngqo ibe yizinto ezibunjiwe. Ukwenza insimbi kuhlanza i-pig iron — kanye ne-iron ne-steel scrap — ngokususa izakhi ezingafuneki encibilikisiwe futhi kufakwe izakhi eziletha izici ezidingwa abaklami.

Ukusabela okuyisisekelo ekwenzeni insimbi amaningi ukuhlanganiswa kwekhabhoni encibilikile nomoya-mpilo ukwakha igesi. Uma umoya-mpilo oncibilikile ungakhishwa ekuncibilikeni ngaphambi noma ngesikhathi sokuthela, imikhiqizo eyigesi iyaqhubeka nokuvela ngesikhathi sokuqina. Izinga lokukhipha umoya-mpilo lithinta ngqo izakhiwo zensimbi eqediwe nendlela eziphatha ngayo ngesikhathi sokucubungula:

— i-deoxidized kakhulu; akukho gesi ekhishwayo ngesikhathi sokuqina, futhi insimbi ilala ngokuthula esikhungweni. Izinsimbi ezibulaliwe zizwakala kahle, ziyafana, futhi zithandwa kakhulu ezingxenyeni ezilashwa ngokushisa nezicindezelwe kakhulu.

— i-deoxidized kancane; inani elilinganiselwe legesi likhishwa ngesikhathi sokuqina.

— izinga lesikhashana elinokukhishwa kwegesi okulawulwayo ngemuva kwesikhathi sokuqala sokuthula.

— i-deoxidized kancane; ukukhishwa komoya okukhulu kukhiqiza umphetho noma ingaphezulu elinezingqimba. Izinsimbi ezinomphetho zinesikhumba sangaphandle esithambile futhi esihlanzekile kodwa azifani kahle esigabeni esiphambanayo.

Ezinhlelweni ezibalulekile zokushisela nge-CNC, izindlela ezikhethekile zokukhipha i-oxygen kanye nokwelashwa nge-vacuum kungase kucaciswe ukunciphisa i-hydrogen ne-nitrogen encibilikile, okungenjalo kubangela ukuvuleka, ukuqhekeka, noma ukungafani ezingxenyeni ezishiswa ngokunemba.

Ikhontenthu yekhabhoni kumazinga wensimbi ajwayelekile isukela kumakhulu ambalwa ekhulwini kuya cishe ku-1 ekhulwini. Zonke izinsimbi ziphinde zibe namanani ahlukahlukene ezinye izakhi — ikakhulukazi i-manganese, esebenza njenge-deoxidizer futhi isiza ukusebenza okushisayo. I-silicon, i-phosphorus, ne-sulfur nazo zihlala zikhona, uma kungenjalo ngamanani amancane kakhulu.

Ezinye izakhi zingavela njengezinsalela ezilethwa ezintweni zokusetshenziswa kanye nasezinqubweni zokwenza insimbi, noma njengezakhi zokuhlanganisa ezenzelwe ukushintsha ukuqina, amandla, ukwakheka kwesakhiwo, ukumelana nokugqwala, ukwakheka, kanye ne-machinability.

Izinsimbi ezibunjiwe zihlukaniswa ngokuhlelekile ngokusekelwe ekwakhekeni kwamakhemikhali, inqubo yokukhipha umoya-mpilo, indlela yokuqedela, noma uhlobo lomkhiqizo. Ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali kuyisisekelo esivame kakhulu sokunikeza izincazelo ezijwayelekile. Izinsimbi ezijwayelekile zihlukaniswa zibe imindeni emithathu ebanzi: izinsimbi zekhabhoni, izinsimbi ezingxubevange, nezinsimbi ezingagqwali.

Insibi ibalwa njengensimbi yekhabhoni lapho umthamo wayo we-manganese ukhawulelwe ku-1.65% ubuningi, i-silicon ku-0.60% ubuningi, ne-copper ku-0.60% ubuningi. Ngaphandle kwama-deoxidizer futhi, lapho kucacisiwe, i-boron, azikho ezinye izinto ezingxubevange ezingezwa ngamabomu — nakuba izinsalela zingaba khona. Uma izinto ezingahlosiwe zilimaza ohlelweni olukhethekile, imikhawulo ephezulu eyamukelekayo ingacaciswa emdwebeni noma emthethweni wokuthenga.

Ngokungafani nezinye izinsimbi ezingxubevange, izinsimbi zekhabhoni zivame ukusetshenziswa ngaphandle kokwelashwa kokugcina kokushisa. Nokho, zingahlanjululwa, zilungiswe, ziqiniswe ngokukhethekile, noma zicishwe futhi zilungiswe ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza kokwakha noma izakhiwo zemishini. Izinsimbi zekhabhoni zingabulawa, zibe semikilled, zifakwe isicoco, noma zibe nama-rim, futhi indlela yokukhipha umoya ingacaciswa uma kudingeka.

Amazinga ajwayelekile e-carbon steel asetshenziswa ku-CNC afaka i-AISI 1018, 1020, 1045, ne-12L14 (free-machining). Lawa amazinga ayonga imali, ayatholakala kalula, futhi aphendula kahle ekuphendukeni, ekugayeni, ekubhobeni, nasekuthepheni kuma-CNC machining centers e-3-axis ne-4-axis.

Izinsimbi ezingxubevange zihlanganisa wonke amazinga adlula imikhawulo yokuqukethwe kwezakhi zensimbi yekhabhoni, kanye namazinga okwengezwa kuwo amanye amakhemikhali ngamabomu ngaphakathi kobubanzi obuthile noma ubuncane ukuze kuthuthukiswe izici zomshini, izici zokwakha, noma enye impawu yensimbi. Ngale ncazelo ebanzi, izinsimbi ezingxubevange zihlanganisa zonke izinsimbi ngaphandle kwezinsimbi zekhabhoni; ngokwesiko, nokho, izinsimbi eziqukethe ngaphezu kuka-3.99% we-chromium zithathwa njengezinhlobo ezikhethekile — ezihlanganisa izinsimbi ezingagqwali kanye nezinsimbi eziningi zamathuluzi.

Ngokomqondo ongokoqobo, igama elithi insimbi yengxube libhekisela ezinhlotsheni eziqukethe inani elilinganiselwe lezakhi zengxube (cishe u-1–4%) ezincike kakhulu ekwelashweni kokushisa ukuze zithuthukise izici zazo ezithile zomshini. Izinhlobo ezijwayelekile zensimbi yengxube ezisetshenziswa emshinini we-CNC onembayo zihlanganisa i-4140, i-4340, i-8620, ne-6150. Insimbi yengxube ihlala ibulawa, futhi izindlela ezikhethekile zokususa umoya-mpilo noma zokuncibilikisa — kuhlanganise nokuncibilikisa nge-vacuum — zingase zicaciswe ezinhlelweni ezibalulekile. Ngenxa yokuthi insimbi yengxube izwela kakhulu ekusebenzeni kokushisa nokomshini, idinga ukunakekelwa okwengeziwe kulo lonke uhlelo lokukhiqiza, yingakho ukusebenza nozakwethu onolwazi lwe-CNC kubalulekile.

Izinsimbi ezingagqwali zingamansimbi anezingxube eziphezulu ezaziswa ngenxa yokumelana nokugqwala kwazo okuphezulu uma kuqhathaniswa nensimbi yekhabhoni kanye nensimbi ejwayelekile enezingxube eziphansi. Lokho kumelana nokugqwala kuvela ikakhulukazi ku-chromium. Izinsimbi ezingagqwali ngokuvamile ziqukethe okungenani u-10% we-chromium; emikhubeni yase-United States, amazinga ane-chromium engaphansi kuka-4% nawo afakwa emndenini wensimbi engagqwali futhi emelana nokushisa. Zimbalwa izinsimbi ezingagqwali ezedlula u-30% we-chromium noma ezehla ngaphansi kuka-50% we-iron.

Izinsimbi ezingagqwali ezijwayelekile zihlukaniswa zaba amaqembu amathathu ngokusekelwe ekwakhekeni kwazo okuncane:

Amazinga e-Austenitic awanazibuthe esimweni esishisiwe (nakuba amanye eba nazibuthe kancane ngemuva kokusebenza ngokubanda). Angaqiniswa kuphela ngokusebenza ngokubanda, hhayi ngokwelashwa ngokushisa, futhi ahlanganisa ukumelana nokugqwala nokushisa okuphezulu kanye nezakhiwo ezinhle zomshini esikhathini esibanzi sokushisa. Izinga elisetshenziswa kakhulu yi-18-8 (Cr-Ni), eyaziwa kangcono ngokuthi i-304 stainless — izinga le-austenitic elisetshenziselwa izinto eziningi. Zingaphezu kuka-20 izinhlobo ezisuselwa kulo, kufaka phakathi:

Amabanga e-Ferritic ahlala ekhangisa futhi aqukethe i-chromium kodwa awanayo i-nickel. Angaqiniswa ngezinga elithile ngokusebenza ngokubanda kodwa hhayi ngokwelashwa kokushisa, futhi ahlanganisa ukumelana nokugqwala nokushisa kanye nezakhiwo zomshini ezilinganiselwe kanye nokuqedwa kokuhlobisa. Ibanga eliyisisekelo le-ferritic liqukethe u-17% we-chromium (isb., i-430 stainless). Amabanga e-Ferritic ngokuvamile akhawulelwe ebangeni elincane lezindawo ezinokugqwala kunezindawo ze-austenitic.

Ama-martensitic grades anozibuthe futhi angaqiniswa nge-quenching kanye ne-tempering. Aqukethe i-chromium futhi, ngaphandle kwezimo ezimbili, awanayo i-nickel. I-martensitic grade eyisisekelo iqukethe cishe u-12% we-chromium (isb., i-410 stainless). Kunezinhlobo ezingaphezu kwe-10 ezijwayelekile ochungechungeni lwe-martensitic — ezinye zishintshiwe ukuze zisebenze kalula, ezinye zinezinhlobo ezincane ze-nickel noma ezinye izakhi ukuthuthukisa izakhiwo zomshini noma ukusabela kwe-heat-treatment. Ezinye zine-carbon enyuke kakhulu, zingena ebangeni le-tool-steel futhi ziqiniswa kuze kufike emazingeni aphezulu kakhulu kuzo zonke izinhlobo ze-stainless (isb., i-440C). Ama-martensitic stainless steels ahamba phambili ezindaweni ezinomoya ophakathi njenge-atmosphere, amanzi ahlanzekile, isitimu, nama-asidi abuthakathaka, kodwa awafaneleki ezixazululweni ezonakalisa kakhulu.

Izinhlelo eziningi zokubala izinombolo ziye zathuthukiswa yizinhlangano zezohwebo, izinhlangano zobunjiniyela, izinhlangano zamazinga, kanye namaqembu ezimboni. Izinhlelo eziyinhloko umlingani wakho wokucubungula i-CNC angase abhekisele kuzo zihlanganisa:

— I-American Iron and Steel Institute

— I-Society of Automotive Engineers

— I-American Society for Testing and Materials

— I-American National Standards Institute

— I-American Society of Mechanical Engineers

— I-American Welding Society

I-United Numbering System (UNS) yasungulwa ngokuhlanganyela yi-ASTM ne-SAE ukuze kuhlanganiswe izinhlelo zokubala ezehlukene futhi kuqedwe ukudideka lapho izinhlamvu eziningi zibhekisela entweni efanayo — noma lapho inombolo efanayo ibhekisela ezintweni ezimbili ezihluke ngokuphelele. Inombolo ye-UNS ayisona isicaciso; iyikhodi yokuhlonza. Inombolo ngayinye ye-UNS iqukethe uhlamvu olwandulelayo olulandelwa amadijithi amahlanu. Isibonelo, inombolo ye-UNS yensimbi ye-AISI 1020 ithi G10200. Uhlamvu olwandulelayo luvame ukusikisela umndeni wensimbi — u-A wensimbi ye-aluminium, u-C yethusi, kanti u-G wensimbi yekhabhoni neyengxubevange.

Uma uthumela umdwebo noma i-RFQ kumhlinzeki wokushisela nge-CNC, ukucacisa izinga le-AISI/SAE (noma inombolo ye-UNS) kanye nesimo esidingekayo — i-hot-rolled, i-cold-drawn, i-annealed, i-normalized, i-quenched-and-tempered — kuqinisekisa ukuthi izingxenye zakho zishiswa ngezinto ezifanele ngaso sonke isikhathi.

Izinsimbi ezishisiwe zisetshenziswa kakhulu kuzo zonke izinto zokwakha zobunjiniyela ngoba zinikeza uhla olungenakuqhathaniswa lwezimo, ukuqedwa, amandla, kanye namazinga okushisa asebenzisekayo. Ayikho enye into enikeza ukuguquguquka okufanayo ekwakhiweni komkhiqizo. Ekusetshenzisweni kwe-CNC machining, izinsimbi ezijwayelekile zinikeza izinzuzo ezimbalwa ezingokoqobo:

— amazinga afana no-12L14, 1144, 303, kanye no-416 aklanyelwe ukulawula ama-chip kanye nokuphila isikhathi eside kwamathuluzi.

— ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali okujwayelekile kanye nokusabela kokwelashwa kokushisa kusho ukuthi izingxenye zisebenza njengoba ziklanyelwe, isikhathi ngasinye.

— indawo yensimbi ejwayelekile, ishidi, nepuleti zigcinwa emhlabeni wonke, kunciphisa izikhathi zokulinda futhi kwehlisa izindleko zezinto zokusebenza.

— ezingxenyeni ezithwala umthwalo nezakhiwo, izinsimbi ezijwayelekile zinikeza isilinganiso samandla kuya ezindlekweni okungezinye izinto ezimbalwa ezingafinyelela kuso.

— izinsimbi ezijwayelekile zamukela ukufakwa kwezingqimba, i-anodizing (kuma-low-carbon variants), i-powder coating, i-passivation, ne-black oxide finishes.

I-Shengmaisi Hardware ingumkhiqizi ohamba phambili we-OEM wokulungisa ngokunemba ozinikele ekuhlinzekeni ngezisombululo zokukhiqiza eziyisicombululo esisodwa sezingxenye zensimbi ezijwayelekile — kusukela kumaphrothothaipu asheshayo kuya ekukhiqizeni okugcwele. Njengoba sinamayunithi angaphezu kuka-20 wezikhungo zokulungisa ze-CNC ezi-3-axis, 4-axis, ne-5-axis, kanye nemishini yokugaya enembayo, sikhiqiza izingxenye zensimbi ezenziwe ngokwezifiso ngensimbi yekhabhoni, insimbi yengxubevange, insimbi engagqwali, i-titanium, ne-aluminium ngokunemba okuncane okufika ku-±0.01 mm.

Njengomkhiqizi oqinisekiswe nge-ISO 9001, sisekela amakhasimende aphesheya nge:

Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi iphrojekthi yakho idinga ama-bushing e-carbon steel asebenza mahhala, ama-shaft e-alloy steel afakwe ukushisa, noma izinto zokuxhuma ze-stainless steel ezingagqwali, ithimba lethu lingakusiza ukuthi ukhethe ibanga le-steel elifanele futhi ulisebenze ngomshini ukuze lihambisane nomdwebo. Cela isilinganiso samahhala namuhla futhi uthole ukuthi kungani abathengi bomhlaba wonke bethembela ku-Shengmaisi Hardware ngezingxenye ze-CNC zensimbi ezinembile.